Agricultural Modernization: Declining Job Prospects and Income for Pa'daros (The Case of Female Farm Workers in Sidrap Regency)
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Feb 13, 2025
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Agricultural Modernization, Job Prospects, Female Farm Workers
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Abstract
The development of agricultural technology gives rise to a struggle between tradition and technology which has the impact of not only changing the way of working, but can also create significant social and economic changes. The role of women farmers is an interesting focus for further research, because before agricultural mechanization, they had played an important role in this sector, especially in Sidenreng Rappang (Sidrap) which was nicknamed the rice barn of South Sulawesi. Women agricultural workers in this area are known as Pa'daros, so how does agricultural modernization interact with tradition, as well as what impact it has on the social and economic landscape in women farming communities. This research uses qualitative research methods, descriptive type. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with informants. To strengthen the data, limited observations and literature studies were also carried out. The data was analyzed by carrying out data reduction, presenting the data and drawing conclusions. The results of this research show that agricultural modernization in Tonrongnge Village has caused massive changes in the agricultural sector and has had an impact on reducing the employment prospects and income of pa'daros women. This can be seen in the shift and shrinkage of women's work in the agricultural sector, from the planting process to harvest. Work that was previously handled by women has now been replaced by machines operated by a few people and generally men. The decline in women's employment opportunities certainly has an impact on their income. Now the pa'daros are increasingly degraded or even have no income anymore compared to before the massive mechanization in the agricultural sector in Tonrongnge Village.
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Anwar, S. T., Sultan, & Arisnawawi. (2025). Agricultural Modernization: Declining Job Prospects and Income for Pa’daros : (The Case of Female Farm Workers in Sidrap Regency). APSSI International Conference Proceeding, 1(1), 114–125. Retrieved from https://apssi-icp.portalapssi.id/index.php/icp/article/view/11
References
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Bar?óg, P., Grzebisz, W., & ?ukowiak, R. (2022). Fertilizers and Fertilization Strategies Mitigating Soil Factors Constraining Efficiency of Nitrogen in Plant Production. Plants, 11(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141855
Coccia, M. (2019). Theories of the evolution of technology based on processes of competitive substitution and multi-mode interaction between technologies. Journal of Economics Bibliography, 6(2), 99–109. Fuzzy MULTIMOORA, Warehouse Selection, Hazardous Materials
Cong, C., Guangqiao, C., Yibai, L., Dong, L., Bin, M., Jinlong, Z., Liang, L., & Jianping, H. (2022). Research on Monitoring Methods for the Appropriate Rice Harvest Period Based on Multispectral Remote Sensing. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1519667
Creswell, J. W. (2017). Research Design: Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Mixed. Pustaka Pelajar.
Egyir, I. S., O’Brien, C., Bandanaa, J., & Opit, G. P. (2023). Feeding the future in Ghana: Gender inequality, poverty, and food insecurity. World Medical and Health Policy, 15(4), 638–671. https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.578
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Medagbe, F. M. K., Floquet, A., Mongbo, R. L., Aoudji, K. N. A., Mujawamariya, G., & Ahoyo Adjovi, N. R. (2023). Gender and access to complex and gender-biased agricultural technology information and knowledge: Evidence from smart-valleys in West Africa. Outlook on Agriculture, 52(1), 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/00307270221150659
Nhuan, N. H., Thu Huyen, N. T., & Khanh Ly, N. T. (2023). Overview of gender mainstreaming in agriculture and rural development in Vietnam. Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam, 65(1), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.31276/vmostjossh.65(1).100-109
Pachlaniya, N. K., Jain, R. K., & Shukla, A. K. (2023). Evaluations of Soil Fertility Status of Available Major Nutrients and Micro Nutrients in Vertisol of Indore District of Madhya Pradesh India. Plant Archives, 23(Suppliment-1), 100–104. https://doi.org/10.51470/plantarchives.2023.v23.no1.017
Paiman, Ansar, M., Ardiani, F., & Yusoff, S. F. (2022). Minimizing weed competition through waterlogging in rice (Oryza sativa) under various soil types. Research on Crops, 23(4), 755–762. https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2022.ROC-903
Prajawahyudo, T., Asiaka, F. K. P., & Nopembereni, E. D. (2022). Perubahan Sosial Bidang Pertanian Dalam Perspektif Materialistis Dan Idealis. Jurnal Sosiologi Nusantara, 8(2), 305–320.
Pramudiana, I. D. (2018). Dampak Konversi Lahan Petanian Terhadap Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Petani Di Kecamatan Tikung Kabupaten Lamongan. Asketik, 1(2), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.30762/ask.v1i2.525
Pratap, A., Das, A., Kumar, S., & Gupta, S. (2021). Current Perspectives on Introgression Breeding in Food Legumes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11(March), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.589189
Prayoga, K., Nurfadillah, S., Saragih, M., & Riezky, A. M. (2019). Menakar Perubahan Sosio-Kultural Masyarakat Tani Akibat Miskonsepsi Modernisasi Pembangunan Pertanian. SOCA: Jurnal Sosial, Ekonomi Pertanian, 96. https://doi.org/10.24843/soca.2019.v13.i01.p08
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Rahman, A. (2023). AGROEKOSISTEM BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL PADA MASYARAKAT DESA DUAMPANUAE, KABUPATEN SINJAI. JISOS: JURNAL ILMU SOSIAL, 2(2), 1511–1522.
Ramirez-Santos, A. G., Ravera, F., Rivera-Ferre, M. G., & Calvet-Nogués, M. (2023). Gendered traditional agroecological knowledge in agri-food systems: a systematic review. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 19(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-023-00576-6
Rodrigues, L. R., Montserrat, M., & Magalhães, S. (2022). Evolution in agricultural systems: Moving toward the understanding of complexity. Evolutionary Applications, 15(10), 1483–1489. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13490
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Setiawan, F. (2019). Pengaruh Teori Pembangunan Dunia Ke -3 Dalam Teori Modernisasi Terhadap Administrasi Pembangunan Di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik Dan Pemerintahan, 8(2), 59–60. https://e-journal.upr.ac.id/index.php/JISPAR/article/download/1033/1814
Seva, T. A., Manullang, L., & Widyaningsih, V. (2023). Analysis of the Involvement and Role of Women Farmers in Peatland Horticultural Agricultural Development Efforts (Case Study of Horticultural Agricultural Land Belonging to the Maju Jaya Bersama Farmer Group in Kampung Baru Hamlet, Batang Duku Village, Bu. Indonesian Journal of Social Responsibility Review (IJSRR), 2(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.55381/ijsrr.v2i1.102
Sundari, S. (2019). Analisis Perbandingan Antara Pupuk Organik Urin Kelinci Dengan Pupuk Non-Organik (Npk Mutiara) Terhadap Pendapatan Dan Hasil Panen Wortel Di Desa Hanakau Kabupaten Lampung Barat. Industrika: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.37090/indstrk.v3i1.126
Tiwari, M. V., Poshia, V. K., Bhinsara, D. B., & Verma, P. D. (2023). Awareness about Drudgery Reducing Technologies for Farm Women. Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika, 38(Of), 188–190. https://doi.org/10.18805/bkap410
Wahidah, B. F., & Achmad, C. A. (2020). Ilmu Hara. Alinea Media Dipantara.
Wardhiani, W. F. (2019). Peran Politik Pertanian Dalam Pembangunan. JISIPOL | Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 3(2), 83–94.
Yunus, A., Salman, D., & Demmallino, E. B. (2018). Rasionalitas Petani Dalam Merespons Perubahan. JURNAL SOSIAL EKONOMI PERTANIAN P-ISSN 0853-8395; e-ISSN 2598-5922 Vol. 14, No. 1, Februari 2018 RASIONALITAS, 14(1), 1–14.
Adha, M. A. (2023). Modernisasi dan Dampaknya di Bidang Agraria. Center for Open Science.
Afridi, F., Bishnu, M., & Mahajan, K. (2021). Gendering Technological Change: Evidence from Agricultural Mechanization. SSRN Electronic Journal, 13712. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3695413
Amalia, B. R., Yuliati, Y., & Kholifah, S. (2022). Perubahan Peran Perempuan pada Sektor Pertanian di Desa Tandawang. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 11(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.23887/jish.v11i1.36899
Arisnawawi. (2022). Otoritas Ammatoa dan Kepatuhan Warganya (Studi Kasus pada Komunitas Kajang Dalam di Bulukumba). Universitas Hasanuddin.
Atanasov, D. (2023). Socio-economic development of agriculture based on technological change. Agricultural Sciences, 15(37), 46–53. https://doi.org/10.22620/agrisci.2023.37.006
Auliya, A. F., Soedarto, T., & Setyadi, T. (2023). The Contribution of Farmer Women in the Household Income of Rice Farmers in Desa Patapan Kecamatan Torjun Kabupaten Sampang. Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Studies, 06(06), 2726–2733. https://doi.org/10.47191/jefms/v6-i6-36
Bar?óg, P., Grzebisz, W., & ?ukowiak, R. (2022). Fertilizers and Fertilization Strategies Mitigating Soil Factors Constraining Efficiency of Nitrogen in Plant Production. Plants, 11(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141855
Coccia, M. (2019). Theories of the evolution of technology based on processes of competitive substitution and multi-mode interaction between technologies. Journal of Economics Bibliography, 6(2), 99–109. Fuzzy MULTIMOORA, Warehouse Selection, Hazardous Materials
Cong, C., Guangqiao, C., Yibai, L., Dong, L., Bin, M., Jinlong, Z., Liang, L., & Jianping, H. (2022). Research on Monitoring Methods for the Appropriate Rice Harvest Period Based on Multispectral Remote Sensing. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1519667
Creswell, J. W. (2017). Research Design: Pendekatan Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Mixed. Pustaka Pelajar.
Egyir, I. S., O’Brien, C., Bandanaa, J., & Opit, G. P. (2023). Feeding the future in Ghana: Gender inequality, poverty, and food insecurity. World Medical and Health Policy, 15(4), 638–671. https://doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.578
Gai, A. M., Witjaksono, A., & Maulida, R. R. (2020). Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Desa. https://my.b-ok.as/book/11521939/4f1438
Habtiah, M., Fahriansah, & Hisan, K. (2021). Dampak Penggunaan Teknologi Pertanian Terhadap Perubahan Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat Buruh Tani Padi di Gampong Paya Seungat Aceh Timur. JIM: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa, 3(1), 58–71. https://doi.org/10.32505/jim.v3i1.3293
Hamidah, E., & Wahyurini, T. (2023). The Contribution of Women Farming Workers on Household Income (Case Study in Sugihwaras Village, Kalitengah District, Lamongan Regency). Jurnal Agrinika: Jurnal Agroteknologi Dan Agribisnis, 07(01), 1.
Jumakir, & Bobihoe, J. (2013). Kajian Cara Tanam Padi di Lahan Sawah Irigasi Kabupaten Tanjung Jabung Barat Provinsi Jambi. Jurnal Pengkajian Dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian, 16(1), 33–38.
Jusnawati, A., & Pata, A. A. (2020). KONTRIBUSI PRODUKSI PADI SAWAH DAERAH SENTRA SIPILU (Sidrap, Pinrang, Luwu ) TERHADAP PRODUKSI PADI SAWAH DI SULAWESI SELATAN (Contribution of Rice Paddy Production in SIPILU Center (Sidrap, Pinrang, Luwu) to Rice Paddy Production in South Sulawesi). 12(2), 46–55.
Kabeer, N. (1994). Reversed Realities: Gender Hierarchies in Development Thought. Verso.
Khairunnisa, N. F., Saidah, Z., Hapsari, H., & Wulandari, E. (2021). Pengaruh Peran Penyuluh Pertanian terhadap Tingkat Produksi Usahatani Jagung. Jurnal Penyuluhan, 17(2), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.25015/17202133656
Kusumadinata, A. A. (2015). Pengantar Komunikasi Perubahan Sosial. Deepublish.
Medagbe, F. M. K., Floquet, A., Mongbo, R. L., Aoudji, K. N. A., Mujawamariya, G., & Ahoyo Adjovi, N. R. (2023). Gender and access to complex and gender-biased agricultural technology information and knowledge: Evidence from smart-valleys in West Africa. Outlook on Agriculture, 52(1), 22–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/00307270221150659
Nhuan, N. H., Thu Huyen, N. T., & Khanh Ly, N. T. (2023). Overview of gender mainstreaming in agriculture and rural development in Vietnam. Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam, 65(1), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.31276/vmostjossh.65(1).100-109
Pachlaniya, N. K., Jain, R. K., & Shukla, A. K. (2023). Evaluations of Soil Fertility Status of Available Major Nutrients and Micro Nutrients in Vertisol of Indore District of Madhya Pradesh India. Plant Archives, 23(Suppliment-1), 100–104. https://doi.org/10.51470/plantarchives.2023.v23.no1.017
Paiman, Ansar, M., Ardiani, F., & Yusoff, S. F. (2022). Minimizing weed competition through waterlogging in rice (Oryza sativa) under various soil types. Research on Crops, 23(4), 755–762. https://doi.org/10.31830/2348-7542.2022.ROC-903
Prajawahyudo, T., Asiaka, F. K. P., & Nopembereni, E. D. (2022). Perubahan Sosial Bidang Pertanian Dalam Perspektif Materialistis Dan Idealis. Jurnal Sosiologi Nusantara, 8(2), 305–320.
Pramudiana, I. D. (2018). Dampak Konversi Lahan Petanian Terhadap Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Petani Di Kecamatan Tikung Kabupaten Lamongan. Asketik, 1(2), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.30762/ask.v1i2.525
Pratap, A., Das, A., Kumar, S., & Gupta, S. (2021). Current Perspectives on Introgression Breeding in Food Legumes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11(March), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.589189
Prayoga, K., Nurfadillah, S., Saragih, M., & Riezky, A. M. (2019). Menakar Perubahan Sosio-Kultural Masyarakat Tani Akibat Miskonsepsi Modernisasi Pembangunan Pertanian. SOCA: Jurnal Sosial, Ekonomi Pertanian, 96. https://doi.org/10.24843/soca.2019.v13.i01.p08
Rahayu, T. I. (2010). Teori Pembangunan Dunia Ke-3 Dalam Teori Modernisasi Sub Teori Harrod-Domar. Gema Eksos, 6(1), 69–82. https://e-jurnal.unisfat.ac.id/index.php/jg/article/view/193
Rahman, A. (2023). AGROEKOSISTEM BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL PADA MASYARAKAT DESA DUAMPANUAE, KABUPATEN SINJAI. JISOS: JURNAL ILMU SOSIAL, 2(2), 1511–1522.
Ramirez-Santos, A. G., Ravera, F., Rivera-Ferre, M. G., & Calvet-Nogués, M. (2023). Gendered traditional agroecological knowledge in agri-food systems: a systematic review. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 19(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-023-00576-6
Rodrigues, L. R., Montserrat, M., & Magalhães, S. (2022). Evolution in agricultural systems: Moving toward the understanding of complexity. Evolutionary Applications, 15(10), 1483–1489. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13490
Sabiq, M., Anwar, S. T., Arisnawawi, Ilyas, S., Muhajir, A., Aksyar, M., Suharsih, M., & Nurfadillah. (2022). Telaah Kritis Atas Kenyataan Gender, Agama dan Budaya di Indonesia. Azka Pustaka.
Sabiq, M., To Anwar, S., Muhammad, S., Hasbi, H., & Arisnawawi, A. (2022). Perubahan Sosial Masyarakat Pedalaman (Studi Masyarakat Adat Kalimantan Timur Pada Proses Pemindahan Ibu Kota Negara). Konferensi Nasional Sosiologi IX APSSI 2022 Balikpapan, 1–3. https://pkns.portalapssi.id/index.php/pkns/article/view/17%0Ahttps://pkns.portalapssi.id/index.php/pkns/article/download/17/18
Sayidah, N. (2018). Metodologi Penelitian. Disertai dengan Contoh Penerapannya dalam Penelitian. Zifatama Jawara.
Setiawan, F. (2019). Pengaruh Teori Pembangunan Dunia Ke -3 Dalam Teori Modernisasi Terhadap Administrasi Pembangunan Di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik Dan Pemerintahan, 8(2), 59–60. https://e-journal.upr.ac.id/index.php/JISPAR/article/download/1033/1814
Seva, T. A., Manullang, L., & Widyaningsih, V. (2023). Analysis of the Involvement and Role of Women Farmers in Peatland Horticultural Agricultural Development Efforts (Case Study of Horticultural Agricultural Land Belonging to the Maju Jaya Bersama Farmer Group in Kampung Baru Hamlet, Batang Duku Village, Bu. Indonesian Journal of Social Responsibility Review (IJSRR), 2(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.55381/ijsrr.v2i1.102
Sundari, S. (2019). Analisis Perbandingan Antara Pupuk Organik Urin Kelinci Dengan Pupuk Non-Organik (Npk Mutiara) Terhadap Pendapatan Dan Hasil Panen Wortel Di Desa Hanakau Kabupaten Lampung Barat. Industrika: Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Industri, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.37090/indstrk.v3i1.126
Tiwari, M. V., Poshia, V. K., Bhinsara, D. B., & Verma, P. D. (2023). Awareness about Drudgery Reducing Technologies for Farm Women. Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika, 38(Of), 188–190. https://doi.org/10.18805/bkap410
Wahidah, B. F., & Achmad, C. A. (2020). Ilmu Hara. Alinea Media Dipantara.
Wardhiani, W. F. (2019). Peran Politik Pertanian Dalam Pembangunan. JISIPOL | Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 3(2), 83–94.
Yunus, A., Salman, D., & Demmallino, E. B. (2018). Rasionalitas Petani Dalam Merespons Perubahan. JURNAL SOSIAL EKONOMI PERTANIAN P-ISSN 0853-8395; e-ISSN 2598-5922 Vol. 14, No. 1, Februari 2018 RASIONALITAS, 14(1), 1–14.